动词不定式是动词的一种非谓语形式，在句中不能单独作谓语。动词不定式具有动词的性质，它可以有自己的宾语和状语，从而构成动词不定式短语。它还可以有形式的变化，即一般式、进行式、完成式和被动式。同时，动词不定式也具有非动词的性质，相当于一个名词、形容词或副词，可以在句中担任主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语和状语。
动词不定式是由不定式符号to+动词原形构成，在某些情况下to也可省略。
A．不定式的一般式
不定式的一般式表示的动作通常与主要谓语的动作同时或几乎同时发生，或是在它之后发生。
He appears to be very happy.他看起来好像很高兴。（同时发生）
To catch the train, we'd better hurry to the station by taxi.为了赶上火车，我们最好赶紧乘出租车去车站。（to catch the train发生在hurry to the station之后）
B．不定式的进行式
不定式的进行式表示正在进行的或与谓语动词同时发生的动作。
It happened to be raining when I got there.我到达那里的时候，天碰巧在下雨。
I'm glad to be traveling with you.我很高兴和你一起旅游。
C．不定式的完成式
不定式的完成式表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生。
I'm sorry to have lost your key.我很抱歉把你的钥匙弄丢了。
I meant to have finished my work last night, but I didn't feel very well.我本来想昨晚完成工作的，但是我感觉身体不舒服。
It has been an honor for me to have been invited to your country.对我来说，被邀请来你们国家是一件很荣幸的事情。
D．不定式的完成进行式
不定式的完成进行式表示的动作在谓语之前发生并且一直进行着。
He was said to have been living in London for twenty years.据说他在伦敦一直住了20年。
I'm sorry to have been interrupting you.很抱歉，我一直打扰你。
比较：
不定式的时态意义。
He is said to be studying abroad.据说他正在国外读书。（不定式的进行式表示动作正在进行）
He is said to have studied abroad.据说他在国外学习过。（不定式的完成式表示动作已经结束）
E．不定式的被动形式
当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动形式。不定式的被动形式根据其与谓语动作发生的先后关系，有一般式和完成时两种。
1．一般式to be done
These are the books to be given out to the students.这些是要发给学生的书。
He asked to be sent to the place where he was most needed.他要求被派往最需要他的地方。
2．完成式to have been done
The novel is said to have been translated into many languages.据说这部小说已被译成多种语言。
He appeared to have been questioned for many times.看起来他已经被询问过很多次了。
F.不定式的否定形式
不定式的否定形式由not或never加不定式构成。
We decided not to go out because of the bad weather.由于天气不好，我们决定不出去。
Never to have made any mistake is impossible.从不犯错是不可能的。
注意：谓语动词的否定和不定式的否定不同的意义
I did not promise to wake him up.我没有答应叫醒他。
I promised not to wake him up.我答应了不叫醒他。
动词不定式除了不能单独作谓语外，几乎能担任句子中所有的句子成分。
A．动词不定式作主语
不定式具有名词的特征，可在句子中充当主语。
1．不定式短语在句首作主语
To know oneself is difficult.人贵有自知之明。
To say is one thing and to do is another.说是一回事，做又是另一回事。
To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness one can get.爱与被爱是一个人能获得的最大幸福。
2．用it作形式主语
在很多情况下，人们通常用it作为形式上的主语，而把不定式移到谓语之后，使句子结构显得平稳一些。
It's rude to turn your back to your teacher and refuse to answer.背对着老师，拒绝回答问题是不礼貌的。
It is impossible to learn a foreign language without making painstaking effort.想不下苦功就能学会外语是不可能的。
It seemed a pity to have wasted so much time.浪费了这么多时间，真是遗憾。
注意：
当主语和表语都是不定式时，不能用形式主语代替动词不定式。
To respect others is to be respected.尊重别人就是尊重自己。
To become a slave is to give up one's freedom.做奴隶就等于放弃自由。
B．动词不定式作表语
不定式作表语可以说明主语的具体内容或表示目的。
His wish is to become an astronaut. 他的愿望是成为一名宇航员。
What he hoped was to be admitted into the university.他希望能被大学录取。
To live is to do something worthwhile.活着就是要做一些有价值的事情。
注意：
有些作表语的不定式，在结构上是主动的，但在意义上却是被动的。
She is to blame.她应该受到责备。
The house is to let.此房出租。
The result is not long to see.结果不久就会看到。
C．动词不定式作宾语
不定式可以充当部分及物动词的宾语，也可以充当but和except等介词的宾语以及形容词的宾语。
1．作动词的宾语
①不定式可以充当部分及物动词的宾语。
Father likes to listen to music in silence. 父亲喜欢静静地听音乐。
He prefers to be starved to death rather than beg. 他宁愿饿死也不愿乞讨。
I never thought to meet you here.我没想到在这里遇见你。
必背：
可接不定式作宾语的动词有：
afford负担得起
agree同意
aim以……为目标
ask要求
attempt尝试
begin开始
care喜爱
choose决定
continue继续
decide决定
desire要求
determine决心
expect期待
fail不能
forget忘记
hate不愿
hope希望
ntend打算
manage设法
mean打算
offer表示愿意
plan计划
prefer宁愿
pretend假装
promise答应
refuse拒绝
remember记起
try努力
want想要
wish希望
②在feel, find, make, think, consider等动词后，如果宾语带有宾语补足语时，人们常常用it作形式宾语，而把真实宾语放在宾语补足语之后。
I found it possible to work out the problem without a computer.我发现有可能不用计算机而解出这道题目。
She made it a rule to get up at five.她养成了五点起床的习惯。
I feel it a great honor to be invited to speak at the meeting before so many students.我觉得被邀请在会上面对这么多学生发言是一件很光荣的事情。
③在表示“希望、打算”等动词（如hope, expect, intend, mean, want等）的过去式后，可接动词不定式的完成式来表示没有实现的动作。
I intended to have called on you, but was prevented from doing so.我原想来拜访你的，但没来成。
I expected to have met him here last night.我以为昨天晚上能在这里见到他。（但没做到）
We meant to have stayed there a week.我们原打算在那儿呆一个星期的。
I wanted to have dropped her a line, but forgot to do so.我原想写一封信给她，但忘记了。
提示：
表示“原打算、原以为”还可以用这类动词的过去完成时来表达。
I had intended to call on you.我原想来拜访你的。
I had expected to meet him here last night.我原以为昨天晚上能在这里见到他的。
We had meant to stay there a week.我们原打算在那儿呆一个星期的。
2．作介词的宾语
不定式可以作介词but和except的宾语。
The teacher made no comments except to tell him to work hard.老师除了叫他努力学习外，未做任何评价。
He had no choice but to sit there as usual. 他没有什么选择，只好像往常一样坐在那儿。
There is nothing we can do but wait patiently. 我们只能耐心等待。
3．作形容词的宾语
不定式作形容词的宾语有两种句型，一个是句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语，另一个是句子的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。
①句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语。这类形容词有able, afraid, angry, anxious, careful, clever, content, cruel, determined, disappointed, eager, foolish, fortunate, frightened, happy, impatient, glad, lucky, naughty, prepared, proud, ready, slow, shocked, sorry, surprised, willing等。
I am sorry to say that he is going from bad to worse. 很遗憾，他的情况每况愈下
She was not content to live a quiet life in a small town.她不满足在一个小镇里过默默无闻的生活。
John was happy to be given the job.约翰得到这份工作很高兴。
②句子的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。这类形容词有easy, hard, cheap, expensive, dangerous, difficult, funny, fit, impossible, interesting, nice, pleasant, simple, strange, useful等。
This problem is easy to solve.这个问题很容易解决。
The water is not fit to drink.这水不适于饮用。
She is hard to get along with.她这个人很难相处。
注意：在这种结构中，如果不定式是不及物动词，则必须加上结构或含义所需的介词。
The river is dangerous to swim in.在这条河里游泳很危险。
A spring mattress is comfortable to sleep on.席梦思床垫睡上去很舒服。
D．动词不定式作宾语补足语
不定式可以在“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”句型中充当宾语补足语。在这一句型中，宾语是动词不定式的逻辑主语。
1．在表示感觉的动词后作宾语补足语，并且不定式都不带to。这类动词有：see, hear, feel, watch, notice, observe, look at, listen to等。
I heard them sing yesterday.昨天我听见他们唱歌了。
Did you see him go out你看见他出去了吗？
I felt something crawl up my leg.我感到有什么东西爬到我腿上了。
注意：转为被动语态时，原不带to的不定式要变成带to的不定式。notice和watch没有被动语态。
We saw the car stop.
n The car was seen to stop.我们看见这辆车停了下来。
n
2．在使役动词后作宾语补足语，不定式不带to。
这类动词有：make, let, have等。转为被动语态时，其后通常都用带to的不定式（have没有被动语态）。
有些动词跟不定式作宾语补足语时省去了to，这些动词有：
一感二听三让四观看。
一感：feel 二听：hear,listen to 三让：let,have,make 四观看：observe,see,watch.,look at
What would you have me do你要我做什么？
She made him give up smoking.她让他戒了烟。
Let him do whatever he wishes to do.他想干什么就让他干吧。
Though he had often made his little sister cry, today he was made to cry by his little sister. 虽然经常是他弄哭小妹妹，但今天他却被小妹妹弄哭了。
3．在表示心理状态的动词后作宾语补足语。这类动词有：consider, think, believe, discover, find, imagine, judge, suppose, prove等。这类动词后的不定式通常是“to be+形容词或名词”结构，think, consider, find后的to be常可省略。
We consider him (to be) a good teacher.我们认为他是一个好老师。
He proved that theory (to be) very important. 他证明那个理论是很重要的。
I thought her (to be) nice and honest the first time I met her.我第一次见到她的时候就认为她人很好，很诚实。
4．在表示情感状态的动词后作宾语补足语。这类动词有：love, like, prefer, hate, want, wish, expect等。
I'd prefer you to leave him alone.我希望你不要打扰他。
I don't want there to be any trouble.我不想有任何麻烦。
5．动词advise, allow, ask, beg, command, tell, invite, force, oblige, get, help, encourage, persuade, permit, remind, request, order, warn, cause等后面，多接不定式短语作宾语补足语。
We don't allow such things to happen again. 我们不容许这种事情再发生。
Most of the parents agree to forbid their children to smoke.大多数父母都同意禁止自己的孩子抽烟。
She asked me to answer the phone in her absence.她请我在她不在的时候接电话。
Please remind me to leave her this note.请提醒我留给她这张纸条。
She requested him to go with her.她邀请他一同去。
注意：hope, demand, suggest等动词后面不能接不定式作宾语补足语。
【误】I hope you to give me a hand.
【正】I hope you can give me a hand.我希望你能帮我一把。
【正】I wish you to give me a hand.我希望你能帮我一把。
【误】He demanded me to be present at the meeting.
【正】He demanded that we should be present at the meeting.他要求我们出席会议。
【正】He required us to be present at the meeting.他要求我们出席会议。
【误】Mr Li suggested her not to go there alone.
【正】Mr Li suggested that she should not go there alone.李先生建议她不要独自去那里。
6．动词不定式也可作一些短语动词的宾语补足语。
I'm waiting for James to arrive.我正等着詹姆斯的到来。
He's arranged for a car to pick them up at the station.他已安排了一辆汽车去车站接他们。
The UN has called on both sides to observe the ceasefire.联合国号召交战双方遵守停火协定。
必背：
这些带介词的短语动词有：
call on号召
arrange for 安排
ong for盼望
wait for等待
depend on 依靠
rely on 指望
E．动词不定式作定语
不定式作定语通常放在其修饰的名词或代词之后，和被修饰的名词或代词之间是主谓关系、动宾关系、同位关系和修饰关系。
1．主谓关系
The future to greet us will be bright.我们的未来会十分美好的。
He is always the first person to come and the last one to leave. 他总是第一个来最后一个离开。
The next train to arrive was from New York.下一列到站的火车是从纽约开来的。
2．动宾关系
On Sundays, he always has a lot of letters to write.星期天，他总是有许多信要写
The teacher left us a lot of problems to solve.老师给我们留了许多道题要解答。
He can find no one to make friends with.他找不到可交朋友的人。
注意：由于动词不定式与其修饰的词之间往往有动宾关系，因此，如果该不定式是不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。
She has a child to take care of.她有一个孩子要照看。
There is nothing to worry about. 没什么可担心的。
He has no friend to depend on.他没有可依靠的朋友。
I've got a lot of things to see to this morning. 今天上午我有许多事情要处理。
3．同位关系
He broke his promise to write to his parents regularly.他没有遵守诺言定期给他父母亲写信。
We students should have the courage to face any difficulty.我们学生应该有勇气面对任何困难。
I have no wish to quarrel with you.我不想和你吵架。
4．修饰关系
Now it is time to begin our class.现在是上课的时间了。
I need somewhere to take a nap.我需要一个地方打个盹。
Is that the way to open the can那就是打开罐头的方法吗？
F．动词不定式作状语
不定式作状语可以表示行为的目的、结果、原因、条件等。
1．表示目的
I'm saving up to buy a computer.我在存钱买电脑。
To save the child, he laid down his life.为了救那个孩子，他献出了生命。
注意：有时为了强调或突出这种目的，也可以用in order (not) to do,和so as (not) to do结构（so as to do不可以置于句首）。
He shouted and waved in order to be noticed.为了吸引注意，他又嚷嚷又挥手。
I'll write down his telephone number so as not to forget it.我要把他的电话号码记下来，以防忘记。
2．表示结果
He got to the station only to find the train had gone.他赶到车站，发现火车已经开走了。
What have I said to make you so angry我说了什么话使你气成这样？
After the meeting, they parted, never to see each other again.散会后，他们分手了，从此再也没有见面。
必背：不定式表示结果常见于下列句型。
1）so ... as to do
Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle把你的自行车借给我好吗？
2）such ... as to do
We are not such fools as to believe him.我们还没蠢到竟会相信他。
3）enough to do
He didn't run fast enough to catch the train. 他跑得不够快,没赶上火车。
4）only to do
He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet.他搬起石头砸自己的脚。
5）too ... to do
His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters.她的视力太差了，不能看这么小的字。
注意：too...to...结构中的形容词如果是eager, pleased, happy, ready等，动词不定式不表示结果，也没有否定的意思。
The boy was too eager to get a geography book.那个男孩非常急切地想要得到一本地理书。
He is too anxious to know the examination results.他很急切地想知道考试结果。
3．表示原因
I was a fool not to listen to you at that time. 我当时不听你的话，真是傻瓜。
She wept to find him in such a difficult situation.看到他处于这么困难的情形，她哭了。
4．表示条件
A man would be blind not to see that.一个人如果看不到这点，那他就是瞎子。
How can you catch the train to start so late这么晚才动身，你怎么能赶上火车？
A．不定式的复合结构
动词不定式的逻辑主语（即不定式动作的执行者）通常是句子的主语或宾语。如果不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，此时一般用“for +名词（代词）+不定式”来构成不定式的复合结构，这种复合结构在句中可以做主语、宾语、表语、状语、定语。
This box is too heavy for the little boy to carry. 这个箱子让这个小男孩来搬太重了。
That's for you to decide.那个由你来决定。
He stood aside for me to pass.他站到一边让我通过。
I have some books for you to read.我有几本书送给你读
。
B．be +不定式结构
“be +不定式”结构可以表示将来发生的动作，常有以下两种情况：
1．表示命令和指示
The room is to be locked.这房间要上锁。
You are not to stand here.你不能站在这里。
2．表示计划或安排
We are to begin the work next month.我们安排下一个月开始这项工作。
What's to be done next下一步该怎么办？
C．疑问词+不定式结构
疑问词who, what, which, when, where, how, why后加动词不定式构成不定式短语，它在句中可作主语、宾语和表语。
I don't know whether to go to the meeting or not.我不知道要不要去开会。
The problem was how to get rid of the waste thrown by the passengers.问题是如何处理乘客们丢弃的垃圾。
When to visit the Palace Museum has not been decided yet.何时参观故宫博物院还没有决定。
D．withwithout +名词+不定式结构
“withwithout +名词+不定式”结构在句子中通常起状语的作用。
With so much work to do, I shall not be able to go to the cinema with you.有这么多工作要做，我不能和你去看电影了。
With him to stay in the house, I feel quite safe.有他住在家里，我感到十分安全。
Without anything to eat, he died of hunger.由于没有东西吃，他饿死了。
E．It is +形容词+ forof sb + to do结构
在“It is +形容词+ of sb +不定式”结构中，形容词往往表示人物的性格和特征，如kind, silly, good, unwise, clever, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, rude, impolite, bold, thoughtful, honest, bad, sensible, naughty等。在“It is +形容词+for sb +不定式”结构中，形容词通常表示事物的性质，如important, possible, impossible, necessary, difficult, hard, reasonable等。
It's kind of you to think so much of us. 难为你这么为我们着想。(= You are kind to think so much of us.)
How careless it is of him to break such a valuable vase!他真不小心，把如此贵重的花瓶打破了。
It is easy for me to see through his trick.我很容易看穿他的鬼把戏。(=For me to see through his trick is easy.)
It is hard for him to get rid of his bad habits.他很难改掉自己的坏习惯。
比较：
It is good lf you to help me with my English. 你真好，帮助我学英语。（强调you的特征＝You are good to help me.）
It is good for you to give up smoking. 戒烟对你有好处。（强调的是give up smoking这一行为＝Fof you to give up smoking is good.）
F．分裂不定式
动词不定式to do通常是不拆开的，但偶尔也可在不定式符号to和动词原形之间插入一个副词，构成分裂不定式。
He was too ill to completely carry out that program.他病得太重，不能完成那个项目。
He has made up his mind to once more try this method. 他已经下定决心再试试这个方法。
G．用作独立成分的不定式
有一些不定式短语可以作状语修饰整个句子，也可被称为插入语。
To be honest, we are not sure to find the girl in the forest.说老实话，我们不能确保在森林里能找到那个女孩。
To be frank, I don't agree with what you said. 坦率地说，我不同意你说的话。
必背：用作独立成分的不定式
to tell you the truth说老实话
to be frank 坦率地说
to begin with首先
to be brief简言之
to make a long story short长话短说
to be exact精确地说
to say nothing of姑且不说
to conclude总而言之
to be sure诚然，固然
to do him justice说句对他公道的话
so to speak可以这么说
H．用主动式表示被动含义的不定式
动词不定式在句中究竟用主动还是被动，有时比较复杂，主要有下面几种情况：
1．不定式做后置定语，和被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，但又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时。
Do you have anything to say on this question针对这个问题你有什么要说的吗？
He is a pleasant person to work with.他是一个与其合作起来令人感到愉快的人。
2．不定式作形容词的宾语，和句子主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时。
The book is difficult to understand.这本书很难理解。
The chair is comfortable to sit on.这把椅子坐起来很舒服。
3．There be结构中，当说话人考虑必须有人去完成某件事时。
There is nothing to worry about.没什么可担心的。
There is nothing to fear.没有什么可害怕的。
比较：
There is a lot of work to do.有许多事情要做。（表示某人必须做这工作）
There is a lot of work to be done.有许多事情要做。（强调有许多事情必须做）
She has two letters to type.她有两封信要打。（自己打）
She has two letters to be typed.她有两封信要打。（别人打）
I．表示虚拟语气的不定式完成式。
I hoped to have met him at the railway station, but he didn't turn up.我本希望在火车站接到他，但他未露面。
We would love to have gone to the match, but the tickets were all sold out.我们原想去看这场比赛的，但票已售完了。
The plane was to have taken off at 9, but something went wrong.飞机原计划九点起飞，但出现了一些故障。
J．用于感叹句。
不定式可用于感叹句，含有惊异、不满、惋惜或赞美等感情色彩。
To think that he should do this!想想，他竟然干出这等事！（表示惊讶）
Oh, God, to see her dance !哦，天哪，看看她的舞蹈！（表示赞美）
To think that all the money has been wasted.想想，所有的钱都被浪费掉了！（表示不满）
A．不带to的不定式
1．在口语中，动词原形come和go后可接不带to的不定式。
Go tell her.去告诉她吧。
Come have a glass.来喝一杯。
2．在why引起的一些问句中，疑问词直接跟动词原形或not+动词原形。
Why make so much noise 为什么发出这么大的噪音？
Why not join us 为什么不加入我们？
3．在had better, had best, would rather, would rather...than, would sooner, would sooner...than, cannot but, cannot choose but, cannot help but等结构后直接跟动词原形或not +动词原形。
You'd better listen to your teacher's opinion. 你最好听一听老师的意见。
We had best call for the doctor at once.我们最好马上就请医生来。
She can't do anything but ask silly questions.她一直在问一些愚蠢的问题。
Rather than ride on a crowded bus, he always prefers to ride a bicycle.他宁愿骑自行车，也不愿挤公共汽车。
He cannot but move to another street, because his building has to be pulled down soon.他不得不搬到另一条街上去，因为他住的大楼很快就要被推倒。
We cannot help but admire his courage. 我们情不自禁地钦佩他的勇气。
4．如不定式前有行为动词do，那么在表语从句中的不定式和介词except或but之后的不定式可不带to。
The only thing I could do was go home.我能做的唯一一件事就是回家。
They could do nothing but wait for the doctor to come.他们只能等待医生的到来。
5．在两个动词不定式并列使用时，为了避免重复，后面的不定式符号to可省略。
The little girl hardly knew whether to laugh or cry.这小姑娘不知道是哭好还是笑好。
Can you help me to call him and ask him to attend the meeting at 200 p.m.你能不能帮我打电话给他，叫他下午两点来开会？
6．在help之后，既可用带to的不定式也可用不带to的不定式。
Can I help (to) carry the box for you我帮你搬箱子，好吗？
7．在一些固定搭配中用不带to的不定式。
He let go the rope.他松开了绳子。
I hear say there will be an earthquake soon.我听说不久就要有一次地震。
She made believe she was innocent.她假装清白。
8．在感官动词see, hear, watch, feel, notice以及使役动词make, let, have等后作宾语补足语的动词不定式不带to。
She watched the children cross the street.她看着孩子们穿过了马路。
They made the boy apologize to his friend for being so rude.他们让那男孩因他的粗鲁而向他的朋友道歉。
Don't forget to have him come earlier.别忘了让他早点儿来。
B．不定式符号的单独使用
为了避免重复上文中出现过的动词，可以用不定式符号to来代替上文中出现过的不定式结构。
1．在助动词或情态动词之后，如be going to, used to, have to, ought to, be able to, be about to等。
She must go but you don't have to. 她必须走，但你没有必要。
---Do you think I ought to go to see my doctor 你认为我应该去看医生吗？
---Yes, I think you ought to. 是的，我想你应该去。
2．在want, decide, like, love, hope, wish, mean, refuse, try等动词之后。
You may go with them if you hope to. 如果你希望的话，你可以和他们一起去。
---Did you go to see the Great Wall 你游览长城了吗？
---I wanted to, but I was too busy. 我本来想去的，但我太忙了。
3．在做宾语补足语的ask, tell, order, advise, persuade, warn, wish, permit, allow, forbid等动词之后。
Don't do anything unless your father tells you to. 除非你父亲叫你去做，不然不要做任何事情。
---May I use your car 我可以用你的汽车吗？
---No, I forbid you to. 不，我禁止你使用。
4．在对话的答语中的happy, glad, eager, anxious, willing, ready, pleased, afraid等形容词之后。
---Will you lend me a hand 你能帮我一个忙吗？
---I'm willing to, but I can't now. 我很愿意，但现在不行。
---Would you please come to my birthday party tomorrow明天下午来参加我的生日聚会好吗？
---I'll be glad to.我很乐意。
提示：
如果动词不定式是to be或to have，则一般不省。
--- Did you finish the work你的工作完成了吗？
--- No, but I hoped to have.没有，但我希望已经完成了。
C．介词to和不定式符号to
to既可以是不定式符号，后接动词原形；to也可以是介词，后接名词或动词的-ing形式。英语中有很多常用短语带有to，我们要正确判断to是不定式符号还是介词，千万不可混淆。
1．不定式符号to
He made it a rule to read English aloud for half an hour every morning.他坚持每天早晨朗读半小时英语。
These young lads are longing to go to watch the football match.这几个小伙子极想去看足球赛。
必背：常见的带不定式符号to的短语
be supposed to do应该做某事
be determined to do决心要做某事
fail to do未能做某事
go all out to do全力以赴做某事
have the nerve to do有胆量做某事
have a great mind to do很想做某事
make a point to do坚持做某事
make up one's mind to do决定做某事
take the trouble to do不辞辛苦地做某事
prepare oneself to do有思想准备做某事
2．介词to
If you stick to the truth, you will have nothing to fear.如果你坚持真理，就没有什么可害怕的。
You must get used to getting up early.你必须习惯早起。
Isn't it time you got down to marking those papers难道还没到你定下心来阅卷的时间吗？
必背：常见的带介词to的短语
be used to习惯
be equal to胜任
be given to沉溺于
be opposed to反对
be related to与……有关
devote oneself to献身于
get down to着手做
give rise to引起
lead to导致
look forward to盼望
object to反对
pay attention to注意
put one's mind to全神贯注于
stick to坚持
动名词，指的是动词ing形式的一种，兼有动词和名词特征的非限定动词。它可以支配宾语，也能被副词修饰。动名词有时态和语态的变化。英语中的动名词是由动词变化而来。
否定结构
动名词的否定结构由not 动名词组成。例如：
Trying without success is better than not trying at all.实验没有成功也比不实验好。
He hated himself for not having work hard.他悔恨自己没有用功。
I’m sorry for not having telephoned you before.很抱歉，没有提早给你打电话。
He felt sorry for not having done the work well.他为没有把工作做好感到难过。
I fancy it has done you a lot of good not going.我看不去对你倒好了。（not going 是动名词一般式的否定形式）
There is no denying the fact that he si diligent. （no denying 也是动名词一般式的否定）
复合结构
通常情况下，动名词的逻辑主语为谓语动词的主语。如果动名词动作的发出者不是谓语动的主语时，则需要有自己的逻辑主语物主代词或名词所有格加动名词就构成了动名词的复合结构，这种结构在句中可以作主语，宾语等。
1．逻辑主语是有生命的名词作主语时，必须用名词或代词所有格，作宾语时（尤其在口语中），也可用名词普通格或人称代词宾格。如：
Do you think my going there will be of any help?
你看我去会有什么帮助吗？（主语）这里包含着一个宾语从句。
The student’s knowing English well helps him in learning French.这位学生通晓英语对他学法语很有帮助。（主语）
Do you mind my(me) smoking你介意我抽烟吗？（宾语）
They insist on Mary’s (Mary) going with them there.他们坚持要玛丽跟他们一起去那儿。（介词宾语）
2．逻辑主语是无生命名词是，通常只用名词普通格。如：
Do you hear the rain pattering on the roof?你听见雨点打在屋顶上了吗？
Is there any hope of our team winning the match我们对赢得比赛有希望吗？
3．逻辑主语是指示代词或不定代词this ,that,somebody,someone,nobody,none,anybody,anyone 时，只用普通格。如：
She was woken up by somebody shouting outside.她被外面喊叫的人吵醒了。
带有逻辑主语的动名词称为动名词的复合结构。当动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时，要在动名词之前加上物主代词或名词所有格，这便构成了动名词的复合结构。其中物主代词（名词所有格）是逻辑上的主语，动名词是逻辑上的谓语。动名词复合结构在句中可作主语、宾语、表语等，分别相当于一个主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句。如：
Her coming to help encouraged all of us. 他来帮忙鼓舞了我们所有人。(=That she came to help encouraged all of us.)
Jane’s being careless caused so much trouble. 简的粗心惹来了不少麻烦。(=That Jane was careless caused so much trouble.)
What’s troubling them is their not having enough food. 烦扰他们的是食物不足。(=What’s troubling them is that they have not enough food.)
在口语中，如果动名词复合结构作宾语，其中的物主代词常用人称代词宾格，名词所有格常用名词普通格来代替，但在句首作主语时不能这样来代替。如：
Would you mind my/me using your computer? 用下你的电脑介意吗？
The father insisted on his son’s/his son going to college. 爸爸坚决要求儿子上大学。
Mary’s (不可用Mary) being ill made her mother upset.玛丽病了，使她妈妈很着急。
His (不可用Him)smoking made his family angry. 他抽烟使他一家人非常生气。
在下列情况下动名词的逻辑主语必须用名词的普通格或人称代词宾语：
a. 无命名词
The baby was made awake by the door suddenly shutting. 这个婴儿被猛烈的关门声吵醒。
b. 有生命名词但表示泛指意义
Have you ever heard of women practising boxing? 你听说过妇女练拳击吗？
c. 两个以上的有生命名词并列
Do you remember your parents and me telling about this? 你记得你父母和我都告诉过你这事吗？
一般式
(1) 动名词的一般式: doing
所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，或在谓语动词表示的动作之后。如：
We are very interested in collecting stamps.我们对集邮很感兴趣。
His coming will be of great help to us .他来对我们大有帮助。
但是有些明确表示时间的动词和介词 after,on,upon,或for之后，常用一般式代替完成式，表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。如：
I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall for the first time.我永远不会忘记第一次看到长城的情景。
On hearing that bad news,the mother couldn’t help crying.一听到这个糟糕的消息，母亲就禁不住哭了起来。
Excuse me for coming late.我来晚了，请原谅。
Thank you for giving us so much help.谢谢你给了我们这么多帮助。
(2) 动名词的完成式: having done
所表示的动作或状态在谓语动词之前完成或结束。
He regrets not having taken part in the work.他后悔没有参加这项工作。
We were praised for having finished the work ahead of time.我们因提前完成了这项工作而受到了表扬。
(3) 动名词的被动式：being done
当动名词的逻辑主语是行为承受者时，用被动语态。如：
I like being given harder work.我喜欢接受难点的工作。
She is proud of being admitted into the university.她为被大学录取而感到自豪。
The meeting was put off without his having been consulted.会议延期并未和他商量。
He doesn’t mind having been criticized.他不介意过去受到的批评。
作主语
Reading is an art. 读书是一种艺术。
Climbing mountains is really fun. 爬山真是有趣。
Working in these conditions is not a pleasure but a suffer. 在这种工作条件下工作不是一件愉快的事而是一件痛苦的事。
动名词作主语，谓语动词一般用单三形式
动名词作主语，在动词的基础上加Ing,使该动词或动词短语，有名词的各种特征，可作名词灵活使用。如：
It is no use/no good crying over spilt milk.覆水难收
It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us. 劝说这样的人加入真是浪费时间。
It was hard getting on the crowded street car. 上这种拥挤的车真难。
It is fun playing with children. 和孩子们一起玩真好。
There is no joking about such matters. 对这种事情不是开玩笑。
动名词作主语的几种类型
动名词可以在句子中充当名词所能充当的多种句子成分。在这里仅就动名词在句子中作主语的情况进行讨论。
动名词作主语有如下几种常见情况：
1. 直接位于句首做主语。例如：
Swimming is a good sport in summer.
2. 用 it 作形式主语，把动名词(真实主语)置于句尾作后置主语。
动名词做主语时，不太常用 it 作先行主语，多见于某些形容词及名词之后。例如：
It is no use telling him not to worry.
常见的能用于这种结构的形容词还有：better，wonderful，enjoyable，interesting，foolish，difficult，useless，senseless，worthwhile，等。
注意：important，essential，necessary 等形容词不能用于上述结构。
3. 用于“There be”结构中。例如：
There is no saying when he'll come.很难说他何时回来。
4. 用于布告形式的省略结构中。例如：
No smoking ( =Smokingisnotallowedhere ). （禁止吸烟）
No parking. （禁止停车）
5. 动名词的复合结构作主语
当动名词有自己的逻辑主语时，常可以在前面加上一个名词或代词的所有格，构成动名词的复合结构(——这时，名词或代词的所有格做动名词的逻辑主语)。动名词的复合结构也可以在句中作主语。例如：
Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.
6．例词
shopping fishing cycling这些都是很常见的动名词
动名词作主语与动词不定式作主语的比较
动词不定式和动名词都可以用作主语。在意义上相近。但动名词多用来表示泛指或抽象动作，不定式多用来表示特指或具体动作。比较：
Smoking is not good for health.
It is not good for you to smoke so much.
注意：
1) 在口语中，用动名词作主语位于句首的较不定式多见。
2) 在“It is no use...”，“It is no good...”，“It is fun...”，“It is a waste of time...”等句型中，通常用动名词作真实主语：
It is no use/good/a waste of time talking about that.
*It is no use/good/a waste of time to talk about that.
3) 在疑问句中，通常用动名词的复合结构，而不用不定式的复合结构作主语：
Does your saying that mean anything to him?
*Does for you to say that mean anything to him?
4) 在“There be”句型中，只能用动名词，而不能用不定式作主语：
There is no telling what will happen.
It is impossible to tell what will happen.
5) 当句子中的主语和表语都是非限定动词时，要遵循前后一致的原则，主语和表语在形式上要求统一：
Seeing is believing.
*To see is to believe.
作宾语
1．作动词的宾语
某些动词后出现非限定性动词时只能用动名词作宾语，不能用不定式。常见的此类动词有：
admit,appreciate,excuse,stand,advise,allow,permit,avoid,consider,enjoy,finish,give up,cannot help(can't help),imagine,include,keep,understand,keep on,mind,report,risk,miss,put off,delay,practise,resist,suggest,depend on,think about,set about,succeed in,worry about,burst out,insist on,feel like,be used to,get used to,devote…to…，look forward to,pay attention to,get down to,escape 等。如：
They went on walking and never stopped talking.他们继续走，说个不停。
I found it pleasant walking along the seashore.在海滩上走真是乐事。
Mark often attempts to escape being fined whenever he breaks traffic regulations.
每当马克违反交通规则时，他常常企图逃避罚款的处分。
有些动词之后既可接动词不定式，又可接动名词，可把这类动词分为三种类型：两种形式所表达的含义基本相同，可以互换。这类动词有：
attempt ，begin，cease，continue，intend，omit，start，cannot bear，decline，disdain，loathe，neglect，commence。例如：
They ceased talking/to talk.他们停止说话。
Prices will continue to rise/rising.物价将继续上扬。
What do you intend to do/doing next?你下一步打算干什么？
宾语用不定式和动名词所表达的含义略有变化。用不定式作宾语时，表示特定的一次性的未来动作；用动名词则表示一般的行为，或者是目前正在进行的行为。也可以说，动名词表示泛指的动作，而不定式表示特指的动作。常这样用的动词有：hate，like，love，prefer，dread等。
例如：
Would you like to go with me？你想跟我一起走吗？
He preferred to do this rather than do that.他宁愿做这件事，而不愿做那件事。
2．作介词的宾语
动词+介词+动名词
例如：The rain prevented us from completing the work.下雨妨碍我们完成工作。
She complains of the book being too difficult.她抱怨这本书太难。
形容词+介词+动名词
例如：I know who is responsible for breaking the window.我知道窗户是谁打破的。
名词+介词+动名词
例如：There are many ways of doing it.有许多方法可以做这件事。
We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term.我们正考虑为下学期制定新的计划。
Shall we have a rest or get down to doing our work?我们休息呢还是开始干活？
there be和it is也可变为动名词there being 和it being与介词连用。
例如：The car stoppedbecause of there being no fuel in the tank.
因为油箱里没有油，所以汽车停了下来。
介词+动名词也可在句中作状语，表示时间、条件等。
例如：On leaving school,he went into business.一离开学校，他就投身到商业中去了。
3．作形容词的宾语
The music is well worth listening to more than once. 这种曲子很值得多听几遍。
We are busy preparing for the coming sports meet. 我们正为马上到来的运动会忙着做准备。
作表语
动名词作表语时句子主语常是表示无生命的事物的名词或what引导的名词性从句。表语动名词与主语通常是对等的关系，表示主语的内容，主语、表语可互换位置。如果句中的主语和表语同为动词时，要注意保持两个动词在形式上的一致。
例：
Your task is cleaning the windows.你的任务就是擦窗户。(Cleaning the windows is your task.)
What I hate most is being laughed at.我最痛恨的就是被别人嘲笑。(Being laughed at is what I hate most.)
The most popular pastime is playing chess.最大众化的消遣是下棋（The most popular pastime is to play chess.）
The only thing that interests her is working.她唯一感兴趣的事就是工作.
作定语
动名词作定语往往表示被修饰词的某种用途。如：
a walking stick =a stick for walking=a stick which is used for walking
a washing machine=a machine for washing=a machine which is used for washing
a reading room=a room for reading=a room which is used for reading
a measuring tape=a tape for measuring=a tape which is used for measuring
sleeping pills=pills for sleeping=pills which is used for sleeping
动词的-ing形式包括传统语法的“动名词”（gerund）和“现在分词”（present participle）两个部分。动词的-ing形式具有动词的特征，同时又具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，因此它可以在句中作主语、表语、定语、宾语、宾语补足语和状语。
与动词不定式一样，动词的-ing形式也具有动词的特征，有时态和语态的变化，并可带状语、宾语等。
A.动词-ing形式的一般式
1.动词-ing形式的一般式可用来泛指一个动作，没有特别的时间意义。
Swimming is her favorite sport.游泳是她最喜欢的体育运动。
Learning is important to modern life.学习对现代生活很重要。
2.动词-ing形式的一般式可用来表示和谓语动词同时发生的动作。
They went out of the classroom, talking and laughing.他们有说有笑地走出教室。
She listened carefully to her neighbours speaking.她倾听她邻居的讲话。
3.动词-ing形式的一般式有时也可表示在谓语动词的动作之前或之后发生的动作。
I remembered sending him an e-mail last week. 我记得上星期给他发过一份电子邮件。
He suggested taking my daughter to the zoo the next Sunday.他建议下个星期天带我女儿去动物园。
B.动词-ing形式的完成式
动词的-ing形式的完成式表示一个已完成的动作，这个动作发生或完成在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
Having lived in this city for three years, she knows it very well.在这个城市生活了3年，她对这里已很熟悉。
I really regretted having missed such an exciting lecture.错过了这么振奋人心的演讲，我真的很遗憾。
注意：
在现代英语中，作宾语的-ing形式的完成式可用一般式来代替。
I really regretted missing such an exciting lecture.错过了这么振奋人心的演讲，我真的很遗憾。(=I really regretted having missed such an exciting lecture.)
We remembered seeing the film.我们记得看过这部电影。(=We remembered having seen the film. )
C.动词-ing形式的被动形式
动词的-ing形式的被动形式表示它的逻辑主语是-ing形式表示的动作的承受者。
1．一般式的被动形式
The question being discussed is very important. 正在讨论的问题很重要。
I can't stand being kept waiting. 我不堪久候。
2．完成式的被动形式
I heard of his having been chosen to be the coach of the team.我听说他被选为球队的教练。
Having been shown the lab, we were taken to see the school library.在被带去看了实验室之后，我们又被带去参观校图书馆。
D.动词-ing形式的否定形式
动词的-ing形式的否定形式是由not加动词的-ing形式构成。
His not coming made everyone present very disappointed. 他没来使在场的每个人都很失望。
I'm sorry for not being present at the meeting in time.我很抱歉没能按时赴会。
Not knowing his address, I could do nothing but stay at home and wait.不知道他的地址，我只好在家里等着。
Not having studied his lessons very hard, he failed the examinations. 因为没有努力学习功课，他考试不及格。
A．动词的-ing形式作主语
1．动词的-ing形式可直接置于句首作主语。
Seeing is believing.百闻不如一见。
Collecting stamps is interesting.集邮很有趣。
Learning about a language is easier than using it.学习有关语言的知识比使用语言容易。
Being invited to the party was a great honor to the family.被邀请参加晚会是这家人的荣耀。
2．为了保持句子平衡，通常用先行词it作形式主语，而把真正的主语放在句末。
It is easy making plans, but it is difficult carrying them.制定计划很容易，实行它却很难。
It is no use crying over spilt milk. 作无益的后悔是没有用的。
It's a waste of time arguing about it. 争论这事是浪费时间。
必背：动词的-ing形式作主语的几个常用句型。
It's no good talking to him. 和他谈话是没有用的。
It is useless telephoning him. He is not willing to come.给他打电话没用。他不愿意来。
It's worth making an effort. 努力一下是值得的。
There is no saying when it will stop raining. 无法断定这场雨什么时候会停。
There is no joking about such matters. 这种事开不得玩笑。
B．动词的-ing形式作表语
动词的-ing形式作表语的有两种不同的含义：
1．表示主语的内容是什么。
Her job is keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible.她的工作是尽量使报告厅保持干净。
The real question is getting to know the needs of the students.真正的问题是了解学生的需要。
His hobby is collecting stamps.他的爱好是集邮。
2．表示主语具有的特征。
The problem is quite puzzling.这个问题很令人困惑。
It was astonishing to see the animals and plants that are found nowhere else in the world. 看到了世界上其它地方找不到的动植物真是令人惊讶。
The food at the dinner party did not seem very inviting. 宴会上的食物似乎并不诱人。
比较：
一般说来，动词的-ing形式表示一般性、习惯性的动作，或抽象性的动作，时间概念不强。而动词不定式表示的动作往往是具体的或一次性的动作，特别是将来的动作。
Smoking is forbidden here.这里禁止吸烟。（泛指）
It's not good for you to smoke so much.吸这么多烟对你的身体不好。（具体）
They prefer staying indoors when the weather is cold.天冷时他们喜欢呆在室内。（泛指）
Would you prefer to stay at home this evening今晚你想待在家里吗？（具体
C．动词的-ing形式作宾语
动词的-ing形式既可作及物动词的宾语，也可作介词的宾语。
1．作动词的宾语
能用-ing形式作宾语的及物动词可分两类，一类是只能用-ing形式作宾语，另一类是既可用-ing形式作宾语，也可用不定式作宾语。
①只能用-ing形式作宾语的动词
这类动词只能用-ing形式作宾语，不能用不定式作宾语。
Fancy meeting you here!想不到在这儿见到你了!
I suggest doing it in a different way. 我建议用另一种方法做这件事。
They didn't mind being treated like guests. 他们不在乎被人当作宾客对待。
They admitted smokinghaving smoked in the hall. 他们承认在大厅里抽过烟。
I regret sayinghaving said what I said.我很后悔自己说过的话。
He couldn't help laughing.他情不自禁地笑了起来。
I can't imagine the boy speaking so rudely to you. 我不能想像这个男孩对你说话这么没礼貌。
必背：
只接动词的-ing形式而不接不定式作宾语的动词有
admit承认
appreciate感激
avoid避免
consider考虑
delay耽搁
dislike嫌恶
enjoy喜欢
escape避免
excuse原谅
fancy想不到
feel like意欲
finish完成
forgive原谅
give up放弃
cannot help情不自禁
imagine设想
include包括
keep保持
mention提及
mind介意
miss逃过
put off推迟
practice练习
resist抵制
risk冒险
②既可用动词-ing形式作宾语，也可用不定式作宾语
这类动词虽然既能用-ing形式作宾语，也能用不定式作宾语，但用法并不相同，主要有以下几种情况：
a.有些动词，如attempt, continue, hate, intend, like, love, prefer等，后面接动词的-ing形式或不定式区别不是很大。
They prefer spending to spend their summer vacation in Dalian.他们更喜欢在大连度暑假。
I intend to buy buying an English-Chinese dictionary.我想买一本英汉词典。
提示：应尽量避免接连出现两个动词-ing形式。
I am starting to learn Russian. 我开始学俄语。
避免说：I am starting learning Russian. 我开始学俄语。
b. need, require, want作“需要”解时，后面接-ing形式的主动形式或不定式的被动形式，意义上并无差别，但用-ing形式比较普通。
Your composition needs correcting to be corrected.你的作文需要修改。
His coat wants cleaning to be cleaned. 他的大衣需要洗了。
The old woman requires looking after carefully to be looked after carefully.这个老大娘需要细心地照料。
2．作介词宾语
动词的-ing形式作介词宾语大都和一些固定搭配有关。常见的几种搭配形式有：
①动词+介词+ -ing形式
Jason aims at becoming an astronaut.詹森立志要当宇航员。
I dream of being the best footballer in the school.我梦想成为全校最好的足球队员。
比较：
keep doing继续或保持做某事。（强调动作的持续性）
News lf successes keeps pouring in. 捷报频传。
Keep on doing继续或反复做某事。（强调动作的反复性）
We will keep on trying and.if we get anything done.will notify you.
我们将继续努力。有结果将通知你。
Keep sb doing使某人一直做某事（表示被迫进行的动作）
I'll try not to keep you waiting.我尽量不让你久等。
Keep sb from doing阻止某人做某事（＝preventstop sb from doing）
The stone walls keep the farmer's cows from joining his neighbor's cows.
石头墙使农民家的牛不会混入邻居的牛群中去。
②动词+名词+介词+ -ing形式
Please excuse me for being late.对不起，我迟到了。
What prevented you from joining us last night昨天晚上什么事使你不能和我们在一起
Sandy wasted no time in getting to know the boss's daughter.桑迪很快就开始就和老板的女儿套近乎了。
③名词+介词+ -ing形式
We like his way of teaching English.我们喜欢他教英语的方式。
He has little hope of passing the examination.他几乎没有什么希望通过考试。
I have no difficulty in communicating with foreigners.我在和外国人交谈方面没有什么困难。
④形容词+介词+ -ing形式
I'm tired of having the same food every day.天天吃同样的东西我感到腻烦了。
Peter is angry about not being invited to the party.没有被邀请出席聚会，彼得很生气。
Who's responsible for organizing this conference 是谁负责组织这次大会？
⑤whathow about + -ing形式
What about going for a walk去散步好不好？
How about playing a game of chess now现在来下盘棋好吗
⑥介词to +动词-ing形式
to既可以是介词，也可以是不定式符号，在使用中比较容易混淆。若是不定式符号，to后接动词原形；若是介词，to后需接-ing形式。
You must get used to washing your face with cold water.你必须习惯用冷水洗脸。
John has admitted to breaking the window.约翰已承认了打碎窗子。
I'm looking forward to seeing you this summer vacation.我盼望今年暑假见到你。
He has devoted his whole life to benefiting mankind.他为全人类的利益献出了自己的一生。
However, others strongly object to developing private cars.然而,另有一些人强烈反对发展私人小汽车。
He is equal to doing this task.他能胜任这项任务。
The man took to drinking shortly after his wife died.他妻子死后不久，这人就开始嗜酒。
Isn't it time you got down to marking those papers难道还没到你安下心来阅卷的时
D．动词的-ing形式作宾语补足语
1．动词的-ing形式可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, smell, look at, listen to, observe, find等表示感官和心理状态的动词后面作宾语补足语，和一个名词或代词一起构成复合宾语。
We heard the children shouting upstairs. 我们听见孩子们在楼上叫喊。
I noticed a man running out of the bank when I got off the car.我下车的时候注意到一个男人从银行里跑出来。
I felt my heart beating violently. 我觉得我的心在猛烈地跳动。
2．动词的-ing形式和不定式作宾语补语的区别
在see, hear, feel, watch, notice等感官动词后，既可用动词的-ing形式构成复合宾语，也可用不定式构成复合宾语，两者之间有一定的区别。用动词的-ing形式时，表示动作正在进行；用不定式时，表示动作发生了，即动作的全过程结束了。
He saw a girl getting on the car.他看见一个女孩在上汽车。(She was getting on the car.)
He saw a girl get on the car and drive off. 他看见一个女孩上车开走了。(She got on the car and drove off.)
Do you hear someone knocking at the door你听见有人在敲门吗？(Someone is knocking at the door.)
Do you hear someone knock at the door你听见有人敲门了吗？(Someone knocked at the door just now.)
提示：
如果宾语补足语是一系列的动作，通常只能用不定式来表示，不用动词的-ing形式。
I saw him enter the room, sit down and light a cigarette.我看见他走进房间，坐了下来，点燃了一根香烟。
3．动词的-ing形式也可用在have, get, leave, keep, set, catch等表示“致使”的动词后作宾语补足语。
They should not leave us wondering what they will do next.他们不应该不让我们知道他们下一步要做什么。
I won't have you running about in the room.我不允许你在房间里跑来跑去。
We kept the fire burning all night long. 我们使火整夜燃烧着。
E．动词的-ing形式作定语
1．单个的动词的-ing形式可以作前置定语，一般有两种含义。
①说明被修饰名词的用途和性能。
a reading room= a room which is used for reading阅览室
running shoes= shoes for running跑鞋
a working method = a method of working工作方法
必背：
a sewing machine 缝纫机
a swimming pool 游泳池
a drawing board 画板
a dining car 餐车
a driving permit 驾驶许可证
a walking stick 手杖
a singing competition 歌咏比赛
a waiting room 候车室
②表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态，在意思上接近一个定语从句，可以表示正在进行的动作，也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态。
developing countries = countries that are developing发展中国家
an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary看起来很普通的房子
a puzzling problem = a problem that puzzles somebody困扰人的问题
The working people are masters of our country.劳动人民是我们国家的主人。
Let sleeping dogs lie.不要惹麻烦。
必背：
a disappointing play令人失望的戏剧
an astonishing adventure惊人的冒险
boiling water 正在沸腾的水
a sleeping baby 熟睡的婴儿
a barking dog 狂吠的狗
the setting sun 落日
the coming week 下一周
failing sight 逐渐衰退的视力
2．作定语的-ing形式如是一个短语，则应放在被修饰词的后面。
The bottle containing vinegar should be sent to the laboratory.装着醋的那个瓶子应送到实验室去。
They lived in a house facing south. 他们住在一所朝南的房子里。
The book being discussed a lot will be published next month.人们谈论很多的那本书下一个月将出版。
3．有些情况下，动词的-ing形式不能用来作定语，必须使用定语从句。
①作定语的-ing形式表示的动作要与主句谓语的动作同时发生，如两者不能同时发生的话，则需使用定语从句。
【误】The professor coming here yesterday will give us a lecture.
【正】The professor who came here yesterday will give us a lecture.昨天来的教授将要给我们作一个讲座。
②-ing形式的完成式一般只用来作状语，不作定语。
【误】The temple having been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon.
【正】The temple which has been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon.被地震毁坏的庙宇很快就要修建了。
间吗？F．动词的-ing形式作状语
动词的-ing形式可以作状语，修饰动词，在句中表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况等。-ing形式作时间、原因、条件、让步状语时多位于句首；作结果、伴随情况状语时常位于句末。
1．表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。
Seeing those pictures, she remembered her childhood.看到那些画，她想起了自己的童年。（= When she saw those pictures...）
Having made full preparations, we are ready for the examination.我们已经作好了充分准备，现在可以应考了。（= After we have made full preparation...）
2．表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。
Not knowing his address, I can't send this book to him.因为不知道他的地址，我不能把这本书送给他。（= As I don't know his address...）
Being ill, he didn't go to school yesterday.由于生病，他昨天没有上学。（= Since he was ill...）
3．表示结果，相当于一个并列谓语。
His father died, leaving him a lot of money. 他父亲死了，留给他许多钱。（= ... and left him a lot of money）
She was so angry that she threw the toy on the ground, breaking it into pieces.她非常生气，把玩具扔在地上，摔成了碎片。（= ... and broke it into pieces...）
4．表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。
Going straight down the road, you will find the department store.顺着这条路一直走，你就会发现那家百货商店。（= If you go straight down the road...）
Working hard at your lessons, you will succeed.如果你努力学习，就一定能成功。（= If you work hard at your lessons...）
5．表示让步，相当于一个让步状语从句。
Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.尽管知道了一切情况，他们还是要我赔偿损失。（= Although they knew all this...）
Working hard as he did, he was still unable to earn enough money to buy a car.他虽然努力地干，但仍然挣不够买车的钱。（= Though he worked hard as he did...）
6．表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明，相当于一个并列结构。
He lay on the grass, staring at the sky for a long time.他躺在草地上，长时间地望着天空。（= ...and stared at the sky for a long time）
She came into the house, carrying a lot of books.她捧着许多书走进了房间。（= ...and carried a lot of books）
A．作主语的-ing形式
-ing形式作主语时，其逻辑主语对于谈话双方是不言而喻的。
Reading aloud is very helpful.朗读是很有好处的。（Reading aloud的逻辑主语是泛指任何人，因而无需表达出来）
提示：
如果作主语的-ing形式需要自己的逻辑主语时，一般用物主代词或名词所有格（即名词后加's）。
His father's falling ill worried him greatly.他父亲生病使他很着急。（his father是falling ill的逻辑主语）
Your coming to work with us will be a great encouragement to us.你来和我们一道工作，对我们是很大的鼓舞。（you是coming to work with us的逻辑主语）
B．作表语的-ing形式
-ing形式作表语时，其逻辑主语往往是句子中的主语，但作表语的-ing形式也可带有自己的逻辑主语。
What worries me most is Julia's staying too late every night.我担心的是她天天晚上熬夜熬得太迟。（staying too late every night的逻辑主语是Julia）
The main problem is your not having practiced a lot.主要的问题是你缺乏大量的练习。（not having practiced a lot的逻辑主语是you）
C．作定语的-ing形式
-ing形式作定语时，其逻辑主语就是它修饰的名词。
an interesting book一本有意思的书= a book that interests its readers
a running stream一条奔流的小溪= a stream that is running
如果-ing形式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者，就要用-ing形式的被动式。
The meeting being held in Beijing now is of great importance.正在北京召开的会议非常重要。（逻辑主语the meeting和“举行”之间的关系是被动的，所以用being held
D．作宾语的-ing形式
-ing形式作宾语时，其逻辑主语常是句子中的主语。如要明确动作的执行者，也可以在-ing形式前加上名词或代词表示逻辑主语。
I can't imagine John's giving a speech in front of so many people.我不能想像约翰会在这么多人前面发言。(John是giving a speech的逻辑主语)
He was awakened by someone knocking at the door. 他被某人的敲门声吵醒了。(someone是knocking at the door的逻辑主语)
The boss understood himhis wanting to leave.老板明白他为什么要离职。（“他”是wanting to leave逻辑主语）
比较：
He insisted on doing it himself.他坚持要自己做。（doing it的逻辑主语是句子的主语“他”）
He insisted on my doing it.他坚持要我做。（doing it的逻辑主语是“我”）
Would you mind opening the window请你把窗子打开好吗？（opening the window的逻辑主语是“你”）
Would you mind my opening the window你介意我把窗子打开吗？（opening the window的逻辑主语是“我”）
E．作宾语补足语的-ing形式
动词-ing形式作逻辑主语时，它的逻辑主语就是它前面的宾语。
We often hear her singing this song.我们经常听见她唱这首歌。（singing this song的逻辑主语是“她”）
We often hear this song (being) sung.我们经常听见这首歌被人唱。（逻辑主语“this song”和宾语补足语“唱”的关系是被动，所以用-ing形式的被动式或-ed分词。）
F．作状语的动词-ing形式
1．动词的-ing形式作状语时，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。
Entering the classroom, I found nobody in it.走进教室，我发现里面没人。（entering的逻辑主语是I，相当于when I entered the classroom, I found nobody in it.）
如-ing形式表示的动作不是句中主语发出或承受的，那就是误用。这种无依着的-ing形式，语法上称之为“垂悬分词”。
【误】Looking out through the window, the garden was beautiful.（looking out through the window的逻辑主语是the garden，显然不对）
【正】Looking out through the window, we saw a beautiful garden.从窗户看出去，我们看见一个漂亮的花园。
【误】Reading the evening newspaper, a dog started barking.（逻辑主语是dog，它不会看晚报）
【正】I was reading the evening newspaper when a dog started barking.我看着晚报的时候，一只狗开始叫起来。
2．如不能和句子中的主语保持一致，该-ing形式必须有自己的逻辑主语，通常有名词或代词来担任。
The last bus having gone, we had to walk home.末班车已经开走了，我们不得不走回家。（having gone的逻辑主语是the last bus，而不是we）
Time permitting, the football match will be played on Friday.天气允许的话，足球赛将在周五举行。（permitting的逻辑主语是time，而不是the football match）
注意：
高中阶段有一些固定的-ing形式短语，如generally speaking, judging from..., considering..., talking of..., supposing...等，它们的逻辑主语可以和句子的主语不一致。这种-ing短语可当作一个插入语。
Generally speaking, boys are more interested in science than girls. 一般说来，男孩比女孩对科学更感兴趣。
Judging from his accent, he must come from Canada.从他的口音看，他一定来自加拿大。
Considering how poor he was, we decided to let him attend the concert for free.考虑到他是多么的穷，我们决定让他免费听音乐会。
Supposing it rains what will you do假使下雨，你会怎么办呢？
动词的-ed形式也是非谓语动词的一种，它具有动词的一些特点，同时也具有形容词、副词的句法功能，在句中可用作表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语等。
A．动词的-ed形式是由动词的过去分词构成
动词的-ed形式只有一种形式，即传统语法中的过去分词。绝大部分的动词的-ed形式由动词原形加-ed构成，也有一些动词的-ed形式是不规则的。
1． 规则动词的-ed形式
limit→limited（限制）
pretend→pretended（假装）
escape→escaped（逃脱）
provide→provided（提供）
refer→referred（提交）
drag→dragged（拖）
pray→prayed（祈祷）
supply→supplied（供应）
2．不规则动词的-ed形式
cast→cast（投掷）
spread→spread（传播）
bite→bitten（咬）
forgive→forgiven（原谅）
spit→spat（ 吐）
wear→worn（穿）
fight→fought（搏斗）
lose→lost（丢失）
3．少数动词的-ed形式作定语时，读音与一般过去分词不同
learned a learned professor 一位知识渊博的教授
aged an aged man 老人
beloved his beloved computer 他心爱的计算机
B．动词的-ed形式的否定形式
动词的-ed形式的否定形式是由not或never加动词的-ed形式构成。
Not allowed to go in, he had to wait outside. 不允许他进去，他只好在外面等着。
Never invited to his party, she got angry with him. 从未被邀请过去他的聚会，她很生气。
C．动词的-ed形式的特征
动词的-ed形式有被动的意思，有时也可表示完成的动作。
1．动词的-ed形式表示已完成的动作。
除了作形容词用的-ed形式外，动词的-ed形式可带有完成的意义，有的同时也带有被动的意义。
Born and brought up in the countryside, he was interested in biology. 由于在农村出生并长大，他对生物很感兴趣。
One of the glasses was found broken. 有人发现其中一个杯子破了。
The books, written by Lu Xun, are popular with many Chinese people. 鲁迅写的这些书，受到了许多中国人的喜爱。
2．及物动词的-ed形式一般表示被动的意思。
Given more time, I could have solved that riddle. 要是有充足的时间，我就能猜出那个谜语。（句子的主语I 和动词give之间是被动关系。）
When you speak English, be sure to make yourself understood. 你说英语的时候，一定要让人懂得你的意思。（动词make的宾语yourself和宾语补足语understand之间是被动关系。）
The experience gained in the army was of great value to our study. 在军队获得的经验对我们的学习很有帮助。
3．不及物动词的-ed形式只表示完成的意思，并不带有被动的含义。
an escaped prisoner 逃犯 （= a prisoner who has escaped）
a retired worker 退休工人 （= a worker who has retired）
a newly arrived guest 新来的客人 （= a guest who has just arrived）
We should bring in advanced technology from developed countries from time to time.我们应该不时地从发达国家引进先进技术。
People should pay attention to the changed situation. 人们应该注意到变化了的形势。
动词的-ed形式在句中主要起形容词和副词的作用，可以作定语、表语、状语和补语。
A．动词的-ed形式作表语
1．-ed形式在连系动词后作表语，说明主语的状态。
The students are fully prepared. 学生们已做好了充分的准备。
When we got there, the shop was closed. 我们到那儿时，商店已经关门了。
She felt satisfied with her performance on the high-and-low bars. 她对自己在高低杠上的表现感到很满意。
The land remained unexploited. 这片土地尚未开发。
Hearing the news, he looked disappointed. 听到这个消息，他看起来非常失望。
The top of the mountain is covered with snow all through the year. 山顶上终年积雪覆盖。
比较：
要把-ed形式作表语和被动语态区别开来。作表语的-ed形式表示状态，被动语态中的-ed形式表示被动动作。
All the doors are locked. 所有的门都是锁着的。（-ed形式作表语，表示状态）
All the doors were locked by the guard. 所有的门都被卫兵锁上了。（被动语态，表示动作）
Peter the Great is buried here. 彼得大帝就埋葬在这里。（-ed形式作表语，表示状态
Peter the Great was buried here in 1725. 彼得大帝于1725年被埋葬在这里。（被动语态，表示动作）
2．同一动词的-ed形式与-ing形式作表语时的区别。
动词的-ed形式作表语，主要表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态，含有被动的意思，而-ing形式作 表语多表示主语具有的特征，含有主动的意思。
They were frightened to hear the frightening sound. 他们听到那可怕的声音很害怕。
At the sight of the moving scene, all the people present were moved. 看到这么动人的情景，所有在场的人都感动了。
提示：
上述动词的-ed形式，有的（如pleased, tired, excited, disappointed等）已经变成形容词，可以被very, too等副词修饰。有的（如amused, puzzled, relaxed等）还不能被very, too修饰，只能被much修饰。
These problems are very puzzling. 这些问题很令人迷惑。
We are much puzzled by his failure to reply. 他不给我们回信使我们百思不得其解。
His speech was very moving. 他的演讲非常感人。
All the people present were moved to tears. 在场的所有人都被感动得流泪了。
B．动词的-ed形式作宾语补足语
当作宾语补足语的动词和前面的宾语之间是被动关系时，一般应用动词的-ed形式作宾语的补足语。
1．在感觉动词see, hear, feel, notice, watch, find后作宾语补足语。
I heard the Ninth Symphony played last night. 昨晚我听了第九交响乐的演奏。
We found all the rivers seriously polluted. 我们发现所有的河流都被严重污染了。
Yesterday I noticed a little girl caught stealing in the shop. 昨天我在商店里注意到一个小女孩偷东西被抓住了。
He felt his collar pulled by someone from behind. 他感觉到衣领被人从后面拉了一下。
2．在使役动词get, have, make, leave, keep等后作宾语补足语。
①动词的-ed形式作get的宾语补足语。
Doris got her bad tooth pulled out in the hospital. 多丽丝在医院把坏牙拔了。
I'll just get these dishes washed and then I'll come. 我得先把盘子洗了，然后就来。
比较：
动词get后也可接动词不定式或动词的-ing形式作宾语补足语，和宾语是主动关系。
I couldn誸 get the car to start this morning. 今早我无法把汽车发动起来。
He got his sister to help him with his clothes. 他让姐姐帮他洗衣服。
It is not hard to get him talking; the problem is stopping him! 让他说话不难，难的是说开了止不住他。
Can you really get that old clock going again 你真的能让那辆旧钟再走起来吗？
②动词的-ed形式作make的宾语补足语。
He raised his voice in order to make himself heard. 他提高了嗓门为了使别人听清他的讲话。
You should make your views known to the public. 你应该让公众知道你的观点。
注意：
动词make后的宾语补足语可用不带to的动词不定式或动词的-ed形式，但不可用动词的-ing形式。
【误】Can you make the students understanding the text
【正】Can you make the students understand the text 你能让学生理解这篇课文吗？
【正】Can you make the text understood by the students 你能让学生理解这篇课文吗？
③动词的-ed形式作keep或leave的宾语补足语。
They all went home, leaving all the work undone. 所有的工作都没完成，他们就回家了。
The detective and his assistant kept themselves locked in the room all night. 侦探和他的助手把自己整夜反锁在房间里。
3．动词的-ed形式也可用在with（without）结构中，作介词的宾语补足语。
With everything well arranged, he left the office. 一切都安排妥善之后，他离开了办公室。
She has come back with her backpack filled with interesting picture-books. 她已经回来了，背包里塞满了有趣的图书。
Without any grain left in the house, the little girl had to go begging. 家里没有粮食，小女孩只好出去讨饭。
Without any more time given, we couldn't finish the task in three weeks. 如果不再给我们任何时间的话，我们三星期之内完成不了任务。
4．某些动词后（如want, need, prefer, would like等），作宾语补足语的不定式被动形式省略“to be”，就成了-ed形式作宾语补足语。
I would like this matter (to be) settled immediately. 我希望这事立即得到解决。
I'd prefer this book translated by my sister. 我情愿让我妹妹来翻译这本书。
We need the work (to be) finished by Saturday. 我们需要这项工作周六之前完成。
The peasants don't want good farmland (to be) built on. 农民们不想让好好的农田被用来建造房子。
C．动词的-ed形式作定语
动词的-ed形式作定语修饰名词分为前置和后置两类。
1．前置定语
单个的动词的-ed形式作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前，作前置定语。
A watched pot never boils. 心急锅不开。
All the broken doors and windows have been repaired. 所有的坏门窗都修好了。
When we arrived, we each were given a printed question paper. 我们到达的时候，每人被发给了一份印制好的试卷。
提示：
如要表示强调，单个动词-ed形式也可作后置定语。
Money spent is more than money earned. 入不敷出。
2．后置定语
作后置定语的-ed形式一般都带有修饰语或其他成分，在语法上相当于一个定语从句。
We have read many novels written by this author. 我们读过这个作家写的许多小说。（= that are written by this author）
Half of the honoured guests invited to the reception were foreign ambassadors. 被邀请到招待会上的贵宾有一半都是外国大使。（= who had been invited to the reception）
The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success. 这次会议获得很大的成功，共有一千名学生出席了。(= which was attended by one thousand students)
A woman, dressed like a lawyer, came in and took her seat as judge. 一个律师装扮的女人走了进来，并作为法官就座。(= who was dressed like a lawyer)
3．动词的-ed形式作定语和-ing形式作定语的区别
动词的-ed形式作定语表示动作已完成或和被动，而-ing形式作定语表示动作正在进行或和主动。
the risen sun 升起了的太阳
the rising sun 正在升起的太阳
boiled water 开水
boiling water 正沸腾的水
developed countries 发达国家
developing countries 发展中国家
fallen leaves 落叶
falling leaves 正在飘落的叶子
changed condition 改变了的情况
changing condition 变化着的情况
动词的-ed形式作状语和-ing形式作状语一样，也可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、 方式或伴随情况等。
1．表示时间
动词的-ed形式作状语表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。
Seen from the tower, the city looks beautiful. 从塔上往下看，城市显得很美丽。（= When the city is seen from the tower...）
Shown the lab, we were taken to see the library. 带我们参观了实验室之后，又带我们参观了图书馆。（= After we had been shown the lab...）
Completely examined by the doctors, he went back to school right away. 经过医生彻底检查以后，他立刻回到了学校。(= After he was completely examined...)
提示：
有时动词的-ed形式前可加连词when或while来强调时间概念。
When asked why she was late for class again, she hung her head in shame. 当被问到为什么上课又迟到时，她羞愧地低下了头。
Once recovered, he went all out to do his work. 一恢复健康，他就全力以赴地干起了工作。
Once started, the clock will go half a month and keep good time.一旦给这钟上了发条，它就会走半个月，并且走得很准。
2. 表示原因
动词的-ed形式作状语表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。
Moved by the heroic deeds, the children couldn't help crying. 孩子们被英雄事迹感动，情不自禁地哭了起来。（= Since they were moved by the heroic deeds ...）
Written in haste, her letter is very hard to read. 因为写得快，她的信很难阅读。（=As it was written in haste ...）
Excited by the new discovery, we decided to go out and celebrate. 我们因为新发现而激动万分，决定出去庆祝一下。(Because we were excited by...)
注意：
为了使-ed形式表示的条件、动词让步意义更加明显，我们可以加上适当的连词。
Even if invited,I won'tgo. 即使受到邀请，我也不去。
Though beaten by the opposite team,they did not lose heart. 虽然被对手打败，便他们并没有丧失信心。
Unless invited,he will not come back to the company. 除非被邀请，不然他不会回到公司来的。
3. 表示条件
动词的-ed形式作状语表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。
Heated, water changes into steam. 加热，水就能变成蒸汽。（= If water is heated...）
Given more time, he would be able to do better. 假如多给一些时间，他会干得更出色。（= If he was given more time ...）
Compared with other professors, she was an excellent speaker. 与其他教授相比，她是一个优秀的演说家。
4. 表示让步
动词的-ed形式作状语表示让步，相当于一个thoughalthough引导的让步状语从句。
Exhausted by the running, they went on running after the robber. 尽管已经跑得筋疲力尽，他们还是继续追赶着那个强盗。（= Although they were exhausted by the running ...）
Laughed at by many people, he continued his research. 尽管被许多人嘲笑，他还是继续他的研究。（= Even if he was laughed by many people ...）
Questioned many times a day, Andrew kept silent over the murder. 尽管一天被盘问了多次，安德鲁仍然对那件谋杀案保持沉默。
提示：
有时动词的-ed形式作状语和动词的-ing形式的被动式作状语，并没有多大的区别，可以互换。
Suddenly seized with a high fever, he was unable to attend school. 他因突然发热不能来上学。
= Being suddenly seized with a high fever, he was unable to attend school. 他因突然发热不能来上学。
Brought up in the countryside, he found it hard to get used to town life. 因为是在农村长大的，他感到很难适应城市生活。
= Having been brought up in the countryside, he found it hard to get used to town life. 因为是在农村长大的，他感到很难适应城市生活。
5．表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明。
动词的-ed形式作状语表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明时，通常位于句子的后面，相当于一个并列分句。
The teacher stood there, surrounded by the students. 老师站在那儿，被学生围住了。（= and he was surrounded by the students）
He went into the office, followed by some children. 他走进办公室，后面跟着一些孩子。(= and he was followed by some children)
They turned around and stood in the middle of the room, completely astonished. 他们转过身来，站在房间中央，完全惊呆了。
She accepted the gift, deeply moved. 她接受了礼物，深深地感动了。
注意：
动词的-ed形式在句中不能用作主语或宾语。
【误】Invited to the state banquet is a great honour.
【正】To be invited to the state banquet is a great honour. 被邀请出席国宴是极大的荣耀。
【误】I cannot stand laughed at.
【正】I cannot stand being laughed at. 我不能容忍被人嘲笑。
A．动词的-ed形式在句中作状语和表语时，它的逻辑主语一般来说就是句子的主语，-ed形式和主语之间是被动关系。
Locked up, he had no way to escape. 他被锁了起来，没有办法逃跑了。
Lost in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. 他陷入了沉思，几乎撞到了前面的汽车。
She became discouraged at the news. 听到这个消息，她泄气了。
Though it was 1000 a.m., the door of the shop remained locked. 尽管已经是上午10点了，商店的门仍然锁着。
B．当动词的-ed形式在句中作定语时，它的逻辑主语是被它修饰的名词，它和名词之间是被动关系。
The first textbooks written for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. 第一批编写出来作为英语教材的课本是16世纪出版的。
The computer center, opened last year, is very popular among the students in this school. 去年开办的计算机中心深受这所学校的学生喜爱。
A lighted candle lit up the cellar. 一支点燃的蜡烛照亮了地下室。
C．当动词的-ed形式在句中作宾语补语或主语补语时，它的逻辑主语是句子的主语或宾语，它们之间的关系是被动关系。
Vivien got her fingers trapped in the bicycle chain. 薇薇恩把手指卡在自行车链条里了。（trapped的逻辑主语是句子的宾语fingers）
The valuable vase was found stolen. 那个珍贵的花瓶发现被盗了。（stolen的逻辑主语是句子的主语vase）
We got home only to find the whole house turned upside down. Thieves obviously had broken in. 我们回到家发现整幢房子被翻得乱七八糟, 很明显小偷闯进来了。
D．动词的-ed形式有时可有其独立的逻辑主语，常用作状语（详见“第8章 独立主格结构”）。
Everything done, we went home. 一切事情都做完了，我们就回家了。
All our money run out, Henry had to find another job. 钱都用完了，亨利不得不再找一份工作。
He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head. 他躺在草地上，头枕着双手。
All things considered, the planned trip will have to be called off. 考虑到所有的情况，原来计划好的旅行不得不取消。
E．动词的-ed形式作独立成分。
动词的-ed形式的一些固定词组也可在句中作独立成分，不受逻辑主语的限制。
Put frankly, I don't agree with what he said. 坦白地说，我不同意他所说的。
Given the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation. 考虑到他一般的身体状况，手术后的恢复可能需要一段时间。
一般说来，不定式做表语，相当于名词，说明主语的内容，回答what所提的问题；-ing分词作表语时，有时与不定式一样，相当于名词，说明主语的内容，回答what所提的问题，有时又与过去分词一样，相当于形容词，说明主语的性质、特征而过去分词说明主语的状态或心情，回答how所提出的问题。
(1) 相当于名词。如：
My job is to drive the car. = My job is driving the car. 我的工作就是开这辆小车。
(2) 相当于形容词。如：
The story is interesting. 这个故事很有趣。
The mug is broken. 这口茶缸破了。
(1) 不定式做宾语补足语，强调动作的全过程；-ing分词做宾语补足语，强调动作正在进行；动词的过去分词做宾语补足语时，及物动词的过去分词表完成和被动，不及物动词的过去分词只表完成。如：
I saw him go into the teachers’office. 我见他进入了老师的办公室了。
I found them walking in the street. 我发现他们在街上溜达。
He spoke slowly to make himself understood better. 他说得很慢来使自己更好地被人理解。
注意：感知觉动词接宾语补足语时，若是持续性动词，一般只能用-ing分词，而不能用不定式形式做宾语的补足语，如：
I saw them play basketball this morning. 从语法角度来看是正确的，但从意义角度来考虑是错误的，因为，若无特殊原因，你不可能把他们打篮球的全过程看完，因此本句应该改为：I saw them playing basketball this morning.
(2) 只能接不定式做宾语补足语的动词：advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, force, forbid, get, help, order, permit, persuade, require, teach, tell, want, wish, warn, call on, wait for, long for；但当这些动词改为被动语态时，不定式就成了主语的补足语。如：
The school doesn’t allow us to swim in the river. 学校不允许我们下河游泳。
Father encourages me to do what I like. 父亲鼓励我去做我所喜欢的事情。
(3) 一般要接-ing分词做宾语补足语的动词：consider, find, keep, leave, send，suggest。如：
Don’t leave the children making noises there. 不要让孩子们在那儿吵闹。
Add some wood to keep the fire burning. 添一些木材使火继续燃起来。
注意：consider, find等一般不能接不定式作宾语补足语，但可接to be, to have done做宾语补足语。如：
When I got there, I found the work to have been finished. 当我到达那儿时，我发现工作已被做完了。
(1) 不定式和过去分词做定语时，表示中心词跟逻辑主语之间存在着主谓或动宾关系，说明主语的内容；-ing分词做定语时，有两种情况：其一，与不定式作定语时一样，中心词跟逻辑主语之间也存在着主谓或动宾关系，其二，与名词一样，表示中心词的内容、用途、目的。如：
The text to be learnt tomorrow is said to be very difficult. 明天要学的那篇课文据说很难。
The song learnt last week is very interesting. 上周所学的那首歌很有趣。
The sleeping boy is Li Lei’s bother. 正在睡觉的男孩是李蕾的弟弟。
The sleeping bag is broken. 睡袋破了。
The boiled water can be drunk. 开过的水可以被饮用。
(2) 不定式作定语时，表示即将发生的动作；-ing分词作定语时，表示正在发生的动作；动词的过去分词作定语时，表示已经完成的动作。如：
The question to be discussed this afternoon is very important. 今天要讨论的问题很重要。
The question discussed last night is very important. 昨晚所讨论的问题很重要。
The question being discussed now is very important. 现在所讨论的问题很重要。
(3) 使-ing分词作定语时，表示事物的性质或特征；使动词的过去分词作定语时，表示人的心理状态。如：
an exciting event 扣人心弦的事件 an excited speech 激动的话语
an interesting story 有趣的故事 an interested boy 感兴趣的男孩
a surprising gift 意想不到的礼物 a surprised cry 感到吃惊的叫声
a moving deed 一件感人的事迹 a moved group很受感动的人群
a frightening dog 令人害怕的狗 a frightened boy 感到害怕的男孩
an exhausting job令人疲倦的工作 an exhausted expression 疲惫的表情
an embarrassing situation 令人尴尬的处境 an embarrassed behavior 不自在的行为
不定式做状语主要表示目的、原因和结果；-ing分词及动词的过去分词做状语主要表示原因、时间、结果、条件、让步、伴随、方式。
(1) 作原因状语
不定式、-ing分词都做表示原因的状语，但范围不同。不定式只能在表示情感方面的形容词后做原因状语。如：
I’m glad to meet you. 见到你很高兴。
Being late, I was kept here after school. 由于迟到了，放学后我被留在这儿。
(2) 作结果状语
不定式、-ing分词都做表示结果的状语，但不定式只表示出乎意料的结果；而-ing分词表示一种自然的结果。如：
I bought an expensive computer home yesterday, only to find it used. 我昨天买了一台昂贵的电脑回来，结果发现它已被人使用过。
He ran very fast breaking the record of our school. 他跑得很快，结果打破了学校的纪录。
(3) 其他情况
-ing分词及过去分词不能做目的的状语；不定式不能作时间、条件、让步、伴随、方式状语。
非谓语动词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的主语，从而在结构上与主语不发生关系，我们称之为独立主格结构（Absolute Construction）。其实，所谓“独立主格结构”也并非真正独立，它还是一种从属的结构。
在独立主格结构中，非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。
Such an able man to help you，you will surely succeed sooner or later.
有这么能干的人来帮你,你迟早一定会成功的。（such an able man和to help you之间存在着主谓关系）
= Since such an able man will help you, you will surely succeed sooner or later.
He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.
他在书桌旁坐好后，他母亲开始给他讲故事。（seating himself at the desk拥有了自己的逻辑主语he，注意是“主格”）
= When he seated himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.
The key to the bike lost, he had to walk to school.
由于丢了自行车钥匙，他只好步行去学校。（lost的逻辑主语是the key，lost也可以用完成式having been lost）
= Because the key to the bike had been lost, he had to walk to school.
A．不定式“独立主格结构”
在“逻辑主语+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构也可用一个从句或并列分句来表达。
1．动词不定式用主动的形式
在独立主格结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。
His mother to come tonight，he is busy preparing the dinner.
他母亲今晚要来,他正在忙着准备饭菜。（= As his mother is to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.）
——will you go to the comcert tonight 你今晚去听音乐会吗？
——sorry.So many exerise-books to check,I rially can't afford any time.
对不起，有这多的作业要批，我真的抽不出时间。
（＝Because I shall check so many exercise-books tonight,I really can't afford any time.）
The four of us agreed on a division of labour,each to translate a quarter of the book.
我们四人同意分工干，每人翻译全书的四分之一。
（＝The four of us agreed on a division of labour and each is to translate a quarter of the book.）
Many trees,flowers,and grass to be planted,our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. 种上许多的树，花和草后，我们新建的学校将看上去更美。(=If many trees,flowers,and grass are planted,our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.)
B．-ing形式“独立主格结构”
动词的-ing形式作状语时，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。
Being ill, he went home.
由于生病,他回家了。（= As he was very ill, he went home.）
Seating himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine.
在课桌旁坐好后，他开始看杂志。（= When he had seated himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine.）
1．表示时间的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”
Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class.
每个人都准备好后，老师开始上课。（相当于一个时间状语从句When everyone was
ready)
The chairman began the meeting , everyone being seated.
每个人坐好后，主席开始开会。（相当于一个时间状语从句after everyone was seated）
2．表示原因的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”
The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave.由那个男孩带路，我们没有困难就找到了那奇怪的洞。（相当于一个原因状语从句Because the boy led the way）
Many eyes watching him, he felt a bit nervous.许多眼睛看着他，他感到有点儿紧张。（相当于一个原因状语从句As many eyes were watching him）
必背：
含有being的独立主格结构。
It being National Day today，the streets are very crowded.今天是国庆节,街上很拥挤。
= As it is National Day today, the streets are very crowded.
There being no further business to discuss, we all went home.没有别的事可讨论，我们都回家了。
= As there was no further business to discuss, we all went home.
3．表示条件的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”
Time permitting, we will have a picnic next week.
时间允许的话，我们下星期将进行一次野炊。（相当于一个条件状语从句If time
permits)
My health allowing, I will work far into the night.
我的健康许可的话，我愿工作到深夜。（相当于一个条件状语从句If my health allows）
4．表示方式的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”
The students are walking in the school happily, each wearing a card in front of his chest.
学生们快乐地在学校里走着，每个人胸前都带着一张卡。（相当于一个并列分句and each wears a card in front of his chest）
The boy lay on the grass, his eyes looking at the sky.
男孩躺在草地上，眼睛看着天空。（相当于一个并列分句and his eyes were looking at the sky）
C．-ed形式“独立主格结构”
与逻辑主语+动词的-ing形式一样，如果-ed形式的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致的话，就需要用-ed形式的独立主格结构。
The book written in simple English, English beginners were able to read it.
该书是用简单英语写的，英语初学者也能看懂。
= As the book was written in simple English，English beginners were able to read it.
The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved.
由于工人们的生活条件大大提高，他们工作得更起劲了。
= As their living conditions were greatly improved, the workers worked still harder.
He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.
他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。
= He was listening attentively in class, and his eyes were fixed on the blackboard.
The task completed,he had two months' leave.
任务完成以后，他休了两个月的假。（=When the task had been completed,he had two months' leave.）
比较：
动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生，动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束，动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。
The manager looks worried，many things to settle.经理看上去很着急,有这么多的事情要处理。（事情还没有处理，而且是由经理本人来处理，用不定式to settle）
The manager looks relaxed, many things settled.许多事情已经处理好了，经理看上去很轻松。（事情已经处理好了，用动词-ed形式settled表示动作已经结束）
The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV.小孩一边做饭，一边看电视。（两个动作同时进行）
The food cooked, the boy went to bed. 饭做好了，小孩去睡了。（两个动作有先后，饭已做好，小孩才去睡觉的）
“逻辑主语+being+其他”是独立主格结构中的“逻辑主语+动词-ing形式”的一种形式。在这种结构中，being往往可以被省去，这种省去being的结构，称之为无动词“独立主格结构”。
A．逻辑主语+名词
Ten students entered for the competition, the youngest a boy of 12.
十个学生报名参加了这次竞赛，年纪最小的是个12岁的男孩。（the youngest和a boy of 12之间省去了being）
注意：
独立主格结构中的being在下列两种情况下一般不能省略，一是在“There being +名词”结构中，二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下。
There being no bus, we had to walk home.由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。
It being Sunday, all the offices are closed. 因为是星期日，所有办公室都关门。
B．逻辑主语+形容词
He turned to me, his eyes sleepy.
他睡眼惺忪地转向我。（his eyes和sleepy之间省去了being）
= He turned to me, and his eyes were sleepy.
He stood there, his mouth wide open.
他站在那里，嘴张得大大的。（his mouth和wide open之间省去了being）
= He stood there, and his mouth was wide open.
C．逻辑主语+副词
School over, we all went home.
放学了，我们都回家了。（school和over之间省去了being）
= School was over, and we all went home.
He sat at his desk, his shoes off.
他坐在课桌旁，没穿鞋子。（his shoes和off之间省去了being）
= He sat at his desk and his shoes were off.
D．逻辑主语+介词短语
He is standing in front of the blackboard, his back towards us.
他站在黑板面前，背对着我们。
= He was standing in front of the blackboard, and his back was towards us.
The new teacher came in, a smile on her face.
新老师面带微笑走了进来。
= The new teacher came in and she had a smile on her face.
The teacher came into the classroom，a rule in his hand.
老师走进教室，手里拿着一把直尺。
= The teacher came in and a ruler was in his hand.
提示：
在“逻辑主语+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构里，如果名词用单数，可以不用冠词，同时介词短语里的限定词也可省略。
The music teacher stood at the door, violin in hand.
音乐老师站在门口,手里拿着一把小提琴。（= The music teacher stood at the door, a violin in his hand.）
介词withwithout +宾语+宾语的补足语可以构成独立主格结构，上面讨论过的独立主格结构的几种情况在此结构中都能体现。
A．with+名词代词+形容词
He doesn誸like to sleep with the windows open.
他不喜欢开着窗子睡觉。
= He doesn誸like to sleep when the windows are open.
He stood in the rain, with his clothes wet.
他站在雨中，衣服湿透了。
= He stood in the rain, and his clothes were wet.
注意：
在“with+名词代词+形容词”构成的独立主格结构中，也可用已形容词化的-ing形式或-ed形式。
With his son so disappointing，the old man felt unhappy.
由于儿子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快乐。
With his father well-known, the boy didn誸want to study.
父亲如此出名，儿子不想读书。
B．with+名词代词+副词
Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on.
所有的灯都打开时，我们的学校看上去更美。
= Our school looks even more beautiful ifwhen all the lights are on.
The boy was walking, with his father ahead.
父亲在前，小孩在后走着。
= The boy was walking and his father was ahead.
C．with+名词代词+介词短语
He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand.或
He stood at the door, computer in hand.
他站在门口，手里拿着一部电脑。
= He stood at the door, and a computer was in his hand.
Vincent sat at the desk, with a pen in his mouth.或
Vincent sat at the desk, pen in mouth.
文森特坐在课桌前，嘴里衔着一支笔。
= Vincent sat at the desk, and he had a pen in his mouth.
D．with+名词代词+动词的-ed形式
With his homework done, Peter went out to play.
作业做好了，彼得出去玩了。
= When his homework was done, Peter went out to play.
With the signal given, the train started.
信号发出了，火车开始起动了。
= After the signal was given, the train started.
I wouldn誸dare go home without the job finished.
工作还没完成，我不敢回家。
= I wouldn誸dare go home because the job was not finished.
E．with+名词代词+动词的-ing形式
The man felt very happy with so many children sitting around him.
有这么多的孩子坐在他周围，那男子感到很高兴。
= The man felt very happy when he found so many children sitting around him.
The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.
小女孩把盒子藏了起来，没有人知道它在哪里。
= The girl hid her box and no one knew where it was.
Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window.他趁没人注意的时候，从窗口溜走了。
= When no one was noticing, he slipped through the window.
F．with+名词代词+动词不定式
The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to do.
有这么多的家庭作业要做，小男孩看上去很不开心。
= The little boy looks sad because he has so much homework to do.
The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.
有这么多的名胜可参观，小孩很激动。
The kid feels excited as there are so many places of interest to visit.
提示：
在withwithout的复合结构中，多数情况下with能省略，但without不能省略。
Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.
她没再
独立主格结构在句中除了能充当原因状语、时间状语、条件状语和伴随状语外，还能作定语。在形式上，“独立主格结构”可位于句首、句中或句尾，并通常用逗号与主句隔开。
A．作状语
独立主格结构作状语，其功能相当于一个状语从句或并列分句。
1．表示时间
Night coming on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel.夜幕降临，我们在一家小旅馆住了下来。
（= When night came on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel.）
All the guests seated, they began their dinner.
所有的客人就坐后，他们才开始吃饭。
（= When all the guests were seated, they began their dinner.）
With everything she needed bought, Grace took a taxi home.
所需要的都买好后，格雷斯打的回家了。
（After everything she needed was bought, Grace took a taxi home.）
2．表示原因
With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.
有许多难题要解决，新当选的总统日子不好过。
（= As he has a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.）
There being no means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight.
由于在半夜没有交通工具了，他只好步行回家。
(= As there was no means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight.)
3．表示条件
Weather permitting, we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.
如果天气允许的话，我们下星期将举行每年一次的运动会。
（= If weather permits，we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.）
All the work done, you can have a rest.
所有工作做好后，你可以休息。
（=As long as all the work is done, you can have a rest.）
Everything taken into consideration, the plan seems to be more practical.如果从各方面考虑，你的计划似乎更实际些。
（= If everything is taken into consideration, the plan seems to be more practical.）
4．表示伴随情况或补充说明
The strange man was walking down the street, with a stick in his hand.
那个奇怪的男人在街上走着,手里拿着根手杖。
（= The strange man was walking down the street, and he carried a stick in his hand.）
The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back.
杀人犯被带了进来，手被捆在背后。
（=The murderer was brought in, and his hands were tied behind his back.）
Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.
有两百人在事故中丧生，其中许多是儿童。
（Two hundred people died in the accident and many of them were children.）
B．作定语
独立主格结构作定语，其功能相当于一个定语从句。
He is the person with a lot of questions to be settled. (with的复合结构作定语,修饰the student)
他就是有许多问题要解决的那个人。
= He is the person who has a lot of questions to be settled.
You can use a large plastic bottle with its top cut off. (with的复合结构作定语,修饰bottle)
你可以使用一个颈被砍掉的大塑料瓶。
= You can use a large plastic bottle whose top was cut off.
He was walking along the road without any street lights on its both sides.
他走在一条两边没有路灯的马路上。(without的复合结构作定语,修饰the road )
= He was walking along the road that didn誸have any street lights on its both sides.
提示：
在这里我们讨论了很多用连词连接的两个句子改为独立主格结构的情况。需要提示的是，不是所有用连词的地方都可以改为独立主格结构。
If you stand on the top of the mountain，the park looks more beautiful.
如果你站在山顶上,公园看上去更美。（不要改为独立主格结构）
If you check your test paper carefully, some mistakes can be avoided.
如果你仔细检查试卷的话，有些错误是可以避免的。（不要改为独立主格结构）
说什么话就离开了会议室。（without不能省略）
综合自：
https://m.yixuela.com/article/91
https://m.yixuela.com/article/90
https://m.yixuela.com/article/89
https://m.yixuela.com/article/88
https://m.yixuela.com/article/87
https://m.yixuela.com/article/86